Rosemary Callingham, Judy Anderson, Kim Beswick, Colin Carmichael, Vince Geiger, Merrilyn Goos, Derek Hurrell, Christopher Hurst, Tracey Muir, & Helen Watt
A recent national study aimed to provide an evidence base for best practice in mathematics education in Australia. Schools were included in the study on the basis of growth in NAPLAN 680 numeracy from 2011 to 2013, and 2012 to 2014, in Years 3 to 5 and Years 7 to 9. Using Bronfenbrenner’s (1989) Ecological Systems Theory as a structural framework, the study aimed to identify goal orientations and costs associated with achieving these goals at system, school, classroom, and individual level. Mastery goal orientations were defined as having a focus on connections within mathematics, relevance, and cooperation, whereas performance goal orientations were defined as having a focus on skill development, achievement, and competition. Findings suggest that successful schools, regardless of their social context, were consistent in their focus on mathematics across the school, in classrooms and among individuals. Mastery approaches were associated with reduced costs in terms of students’perceptions of effort, social costs and mathematics difficulty. Teacher enthusiasm for mathematics teaching emerged as a key factor. Issues that arose from the study will provide starting point for discussion.