Troels Lange and Tamsin MeaneyThis paper considers how the didactical contract between students and their teacher is influenced by students’ foregrounds and backgrounds and the impact that this has on their learning of mathematics. It uses examples of two students in two primary classrooms, one in Denmark and the other in New Zealand. It is possible to see in both situations that students develop non-conventional mathematical learning. We speculate on how students’ perceptions of the didactical contract are affected by considerations such as those to do with social interactions and the impact of these perceptions and consideration on possibilities for learning.