Abstract
Dichotomies such as teacher-centred versus student-centred classrooms, real-world versus abstract tasks, and even teaching versus learning can restrict mathematics educators and educational theorists in general to a fragmented view of the mathematics classroom. Constructing such dichotomies as oppositional offers a set of false choices, sanctifying one alternative, while demonising the other. International research offers insight into possible explanatory frameworks within which such choices are no longer oppositional or even dichotomous, but rather can be seen as complementary. The acceptance of such complementarities is a first step to an integrative theory of classroom practice and learning.